diff --git a/nano/core_test/confirming_set.cpp b/nano/core_test/confirming_set.cpp
index 6e8d0787..f412b093 100644
--- a/nano/core_test/confirming_set.cpp
+++ b/nano/core_test/confirming_set.cpp
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 #include <nano/lib/blocks.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/logging.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/active_elections.hpp>
+#include <nano/node/blockprocessor.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/confirming_set.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/election.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/make_store.hpp>
+#include <nano/node/unchecked_map.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/ledger.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/ledger_set_confirmed.hpp>
 #include <nano/test_common/ledger_context.hpp>
@@ -16,45 +18,70 @@
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
+namespace
+{
+struct confirming_set_context
+{
+	nano::logger & logger;
+	nano::stats & stats;
+	nano::ledger & ledger;
+
+	nano::unchecked_map unchecked;
+	nano::block_processor block_processor;
+	nano::confirming_set confirming_set;
+
+	explicit confirming_set_context (nano::test::ledger_context & ledger_context, nano::node_config node_config = {}) :
+		logger{ ledger_context.logger () },
+		stats{ ledger_context.stats () },
+		ledger{ ledger_context.ledger () },
+		unchecked{ 0, stats, false },
+		block_processor{ node_config, ledger, unchecked, stats, logger },
+		confirming_set{ node_config.confirming_set, ledger, block_processor, stats, logger }
+	{
+	}
+};
+}
+
 TEST (confirming_set, construction)
 {
-	auto ctx = nano::test::ledger_empty ();
-	nano::confirming_set_config config{};
-	nano::confirming_set confirming_set{ config, ctx.ledger (), ctx.stats (), ctx.logger () };
+	auto ledger_ctx = nano::test::ledger_empty ();
+	confirming_set_context ctx{ ledger_ctx };
 }
 
 TEST (confirming_set, add_exists)
 {
-	auto ctx = nano::test::ledger_send_receive ();
-	nano::confirming_set_config config{};
-	nano::confirming_set confirming_set{ config, ctx.ledger (), ctx.stats (), ctx.logger () };
-	auto send = ctx.blocks ()[0];
+	auto ledger_ctx = nano::test::ledger_send_receive ();
+	confirming_set_context ctx{ ledger_ctx };
+	nano::confirming_set & confirming_set = ctx.confirming_set;
+	auto send = ledger_ctx.blocks ()[0];
 	confirming_set.add (send->hash ());
 	ASSERT_TRUE (confirming_set.contains (send->hash ()));
 }
 
 TEST (confirming_set, process_one)
 {
-	auto ctx = nano::test::ledger_send_receive ();
-	nano::confirming_set_config config{};
-	nano::confirming_set confirming_set{ config, ctx.ledger (), ctx.stats (), ctx.logger () };
+	auto ledger_ctx = nano::test::ledger_send_receive ();
+	confirming_set_context ctx{ ledger_ctx };
+	nano::confirming_set & confirming_set = ctx.confirming_set;
 	std::atomic<int> count = 0;
 	std::mutex mutex;
 	std::condition_variable condition;
 	confirming_set.cemented_observers.add ([&] (auto const &) { ++count; condition.notify_all (); });
-	confirming_set.add (ctx.blocks ()[0]->hash ());
+	confirming_set.add (ledger_ctx.blocks ()[0]->hash ());
 	nano::test::start_stop_guard guard{ confirming_set };
 	std::unique_lock lock{ mutex };
 	ASSERT_TRUE (condition.wait_for (lock, 5s, [&] () { return count == 1; }));
-	ASSERT_EQ (1, ctx.stats ().count (nano::stat::type::confirmation_height, nano::stat::detail::blocks_confirmed, nano::stat::dir::in));
-	ASSERT_EQ (2, ctx.ledger ().cemented_count ());
+	ASSERT_EQ (1, ctx.stats.count (nano::stat::type::confirmation_height, nano::stat::detail::blocks_confirmed, nano::stat::dir::in));
+	ASSERT_EQ (2, ctx.ledger.cemented_count ());
 }
 
 TEST (confirming_set, process_multiple)
 {
+	nano::test::system system;
+	auto & node = *system.add_node ();
 	auto ctx = nano::test::ledger_send_receive ();
 	nano::confirming_set_config config{};
-	nano::confirming_set confirming_set{ config, ctx.ledger (), ctx.stats (), ctx.logger () };
+	nano::confirming_set confirming_set{ config, ctx.ledger (), node.block_processor, ctx.stats (), ctx.logger () };
 	std::atomic<int> count = 0;
 	std::mutex mutex;
 	std::condition_variable condition;
diff --git a/nano/core_test/election_scheduler.cpp b/nano/core_test/election_scheduler.cpp
index 14f840d4..422df997 100644
--- a/nano/core_test/election_scheduler.cpp
+++ b/nano/core_test/election_scheduler.cpp
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ TEST (election_scheduler, no_vacancy)
 				.work (*system.work.generate (nano::dev::genesis->hash ()))
 				.build ();
 	ASSERT_EQ (nano::block_status::progress, node.process (send));
-	node.process_confirmed (send->hash ());
+	node.confirming_set.add (send->hash ());
 
 	auto receive = builder.make_block ()
 				   .account (key.pub)
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ TEST (election_scheduler, no_vacancy)
 				   .work (*system.work.generate (key.pub))
 				   .build ();
 	ASSERT_EQ (nano::block_status::progress, node.process (receive));
-	node.process_confirmed (receive->hash ());
+	node.confirming_set.add (receive->hash ());
 
 	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, nano::test::confirmed (node, { send, receive }));
 
diff --git a/nano/core_test/node.cpp b/nano/core_test/node.cpp
index 7a50183c..2db65d6a 100644
--- a/nano/core_test/node.cpp
+++ b/nano/core_test/node.cpp
@@ -3446,9 +3446,9 @@ TEST (node, pruning_automatic)
 	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, node1.block (send2->hash ()) != nullptr);
 
 	// Force-confirm both blocks
-	node1.process_confirmed (send1->hash ());
+	node1.confirming_set.add (send1->hash ());
 	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, node1.block_confirmed (send1->hash ()));
-	node1.process_confirmed (send2->hash ());
+	node1.confirming_set.add (send2->hash ());
 	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, node1.block_confirmed (send2->hash ()));
 
 	// Check pruning result
@@ -3497,9 +3497,9 @@ TEST (node, DISABLED_pruning_age)
 	node1.process_active (send2);
 
 	// Force-confirm both blocks
-	node1.process_confirmed (send1->hash ());
+	node1.confirming_set.add (send1->hash ());
 	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, node1.block_confirmed (send1->hash ()));
-	node1.process_confirmed (send2->hash ());
+	node1.confirming_set.add (send2->hash ());
 	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, node1.block_confirmed (send2->hash ()));
 
 	// Three blocks in total, nothing pruned yet
@@ -3558,9 +3558,9 @@ TEST (node, DISABLED_pruning_depth)
 	node1.process_active (send2);
 
 	// Force-confirm both blocks
-	node1.process_confirmed (send1->hash ());
+	node1.confirming_set.add (send1->hash ());
 	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, node1.block_confirmed (send1->hash ()));
-	node1.process_confirmed (send2->hash ());
+	node1.confirming_set.add (send2->hash ());
 	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, node1.block_confirmed (send2->hash ()));
 
 	// Three blocks in total, nothing pruned yet
diff --git a/nano/lib/stats_enums.hpp b/nano/lib/stats_enums.hpp
index ab514680..b9ce858a 100644
--- a/nano/lib/stats_enums.hpp
+++ b/nano/lib/stats_enums.hpp
@@ -147,6 +147,8 @@ enum class detail
 	prioritized,
 	pending,
 	sync,
+	requeued,
+	evicted,
 
 	// processing queue
 	queue,
@@ -541,6 +543,7 @@ enum class detail
 	cementing,
 	cemented_hash,
 	cementing_failed,
+	deferred_failed,
 
 	// election_state
 	passive,
diff --git a/nano/node/active_elections.cpp b/nano/node/active_elections.cpp
index 758752a0..669ce6df 100644
--- a/nano/node/active_elections.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/active_elections.cpp
@@ -63,6 +63,14 @@ nano::active_elections::active_elections (nano::node & node_a, nano::confirming_
 			}
 		}
 	});
+
+	// Stop all rolled back active transactions except initial
+	block_processor.rolled_back.add ([this] (auto const & block, auto const & rollback_root) {
+		if (block->qualified_root () != rollback_root)
+		{
+			erase (block->qualified_root ());
+		}
+	});
 }
 
 nano::active_elections::~active_elections ()
diff --git a/nano/node/blockprocessor.cpp b/nano/node/blockprocessor.cpp
index 7f47f79d..a8336f7c 100644
--- a/nano/node/blockprocessor.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/blockprocessor.cpp
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <nano/node/blockprocessor.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/local_vote_history.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/node.hpp>
+#include <nano/node/unchecked_map.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/ledger.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/ledger_set_any.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/component.hpp>
@@ -17,9 +18,13 @@
  * block_processor
  */
 
-nano::block_processor::block_processor (nano::node & node_a) :
-	config{ node_a.config.block_processor },
-	node{ node_a },
+nano::block_processor::block_processor (nano::node_config const & node_config, nano::ledger & ledger_a, nano::unchecked_map & unchecked_a, nano::stats & stats_a, nano::logger & logger_a) :
+	config{ node_config.block_processor },
+	network_params{ node_config.network_params },
+	ledger{ ledger_a },
+	unchecked{ unchecked_a },
+	stats{ stats_a },
+	logger{ logger_a },
 	workers{ 1, nano::thread_role::name::block_processing_notifications }
 {
 	batch_processed.add ([this] (auto const & items) {
@@ -57,6 +62,11 @@ nano::block_processor::block_processor (nano::node & node_a) :
 				return 1;
 		}
 	};
+
+	// Requeue blocks that could not be immediately processed
+	unchecked.satisfied.add ([this] (nano::unchecked_info const & info) {
+		add (info.block, nano::block_source::unchecked);
+	});
 }
 
 nano::block_processor::~block_processor ()
@@ -107,14 +117,14 @@ std::size_t nano::block_processor::size (nano::block_source source) const
 
 bool nano::block_processor::add (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const & block, block_source const source, std::shared_ptr<nano::transport::channel> const & channel, std::function<void (nano::block_status)> callback)
 {
-	if (node.network_params.work.validate_entry (*block)) // true => error
+	if (network_params.work.validate_entry (*block)) // true => error
 	{
-		node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::insufficient_work);
+		stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::insufficient_work);
 		return false; // Not added
 	}
 
-	node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::process);
-	node.logger.debug (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Processing block (async): {} (source: {} {})",
+	stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::process);
+	logger.debug (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Processing block (async): {} (source: {} {})",
 	block->hash ().to_string (),
 	to_string (source),
 	channel ? channel->to_string () : "<unknown>"); // TODO: Lazy eval
@@ -124,8 +134,8 @@ bool nano::block_processor::add (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const & block, blo
 
 std::optional<nano::block_status> nano::block_processor::add_blocking (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const & block, block_source const source)
 {
-	node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::process_blocking);
-	node.logger.debug (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Processing block (blocking): {} (source: {})", block->hash ().to_string (), to_string (source));
+	stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::process_blocking);
+	logger.debug (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Processing block (blocking): {} (source: {})", block->hash ().to_string (), to_string (source));
 
 	context ctx{ block, source };
 	auto future = ctx.get_future ();
@@ -138,8 +148,8 @@ std::optional<nano::block_status> nano::block_processor::add_blocking (std::shar
 	}
 	catch (std::future_error const &)
 	{
-		node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::process_blocking_timeout);
-		node.logger.error (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Block dropped when processing: {}", block->hash ().to_string ());
+		stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::process_blocking_timeout);
+		logger.error (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Block dropped when processing: {}", block->hash ().to_string ());
 	}
 
 	return std::nullopt;
@@ -147,8 +157,8 @@ std::optional<nano::block_status> nano::block_processor::add_blocking (std::shar
 
 void nano::block_processor::force (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const & block_a)
 {
-	node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::force);
-	node.logger.debug (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Forcing block: {}", block_a->hash ().to_string ());
+	stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::force);
+	logger.debug (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Forcing block: {}", block_a->hash ().to_string ());
 
 	add_impl (context{ block_a, block_source::forced });
 }
@@ -167,45 +177,38 @@ bool nano::block_processor::add_impl (context ctx, std::shared_ptr<nano::transpo
 	}
 	else
 	{
-		node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::overfill);
-		node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor_overfill, to_stat_detail (source));
+		stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::overfill);
+		stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor_overfill, to_stat_detail (source));
 	}
 	return added;
 }
 
-void nano::block_processor::rollback_competitor (secure::write_transaction const & transaction, nano::block const & block)
+void nano::block_processor::rollback_competitor (secure::write_transaction const & transaction, nano::block const & fork_block)
 {
-	auto hash = block.hash ();
-	auto successor_hash = node.ledger.any.block_successor (transaction, block.qualified_root ());
-	auto successor = successor_hash ? node.ledger.any.block_get (transaction, successor_hash.value ()) : nullptr;
+	auto const hash = fork_block.hash ();
+	auto const successor_hash = ledger.any.block_successor (transaction, fork_block.qualified_root ());
+	auto const successor = successor_hash ? ledger.any.block_get (transaction, successor_hash.value ()) : nullptr;
 	if (successor != nullptr && successor->hash () != hash)
 	{
 		// Replace our block with the winner and roll back any dependent blocks
-		node.logger.debug (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Rolling back: {} and replacing with: {}", successor->hash ().to_string (), hash.to_string ());
+		logger.debug (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Rolling back: {} and replacing with: {}", successor->hash ().to_string (), hash.to_string ());
 
 		std::vector<std::shared_ptr<nano::block>> rollback_list;
-		if (node.ledger.rollback (transaction, successor->hash (), rollback_list))
+		if (ledger.rollback (transaction, successor->hash (), rollback_list))
 		{
-			node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::ledger, nano::stat::detail::rollback_failed);
-			node.logger.error (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Failed to roll back: {} because it or a successor was confirmed", successor->hash ().to_string ());
+			stats.inc (nano::stat::type::ledger, nano::stat::detail::rollback_failed);
+			logger.error (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Failed to roll back: {} because it or a successor was confirmed", successor->hash ().to_string ());
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::ledger, nano::stat::detail::rollback);
-			node.logger.debug (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Blocks rolled back: {}", rollback_list.size ());
+			stats.inc (nano::stat::type::ledger, nano::stat::detail::rollback);
+			logger.debug (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Blocks rolled back: {}", rollback_list.size ());
 		}
 
-		// Deleting from votes cache, stop active transaction
-		for (auto & i : rollback_list)
+		// Notify observers of the rolled back blocks
+		for (auto const & block : rollback_list)
 		{
-			rolled_back.notify (i);
-
-			node.history.erase (i->root ());
-			// Stop all rolled back active transactions except initial
-			if (i->hash () != successor->hash ())
-			{
-				node.active.erase (*i);
-			}
+			rolled_back.notify (block, fork_block.qualified_root ());
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -221,7 +224,7 @@ void nano::block_processor::run ()
 			// It's possible that ledger processing happens faster than the notifications can be processed by other components, cooldown here
 			while (workers.queued_tasks () >= config.max_queued_notifications)
 			{
-				node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::cooldown);
+				stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::cooldown);
 				condition.wait_for (lock, 100ms, [this] { return stopped; });
 				if (stopped)
 				{
@@ -231,7 +234,7 @@ void nano::block_processor::run ()
 
 			if (log_interval.elapsed (15s))
 			{
-				node.logger.info (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "{} blocks (+ {} forced) in processing queue",
+				logger.info (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "{} blocks (+ {} forced) in processing queue",
 				queue.size (),
 				queue.size ({ nano::block_source::forced }));
 			}
@@ -242,7 +245,7 @@ void nano::block_processor::run ()
 
 			// Queue notifications to be dispatched in the background
 			workers.post ([this, processed = std::move (processed)] () mutable {
-				node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::notify);
+				stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor, nano::stat::detail::notify);
 				// Set results for futures when not holding the lock
 				for (auto & [result, context] : processed)
 				{
@@ -304,7 +307,7 @@ auto nano::block_processor::process_batch (nano::unique_lock<nano::mutex> & lock
 
 	lock.unlock ();
 
-	auto transaction = node.ledger.tx_begin_write (nano::store::writer::blockprocessor);
+	auto transaction = ledger.tx_begin_write (nano::store::writer::blockprocessor);
 
 	nano::timer<std::chrono::milliseconds> timer;
 	timer.start ();
@@ -335,7 +338,7 @@ auto nano::block_processor::process_batch (nano::unique_lock<nano::mutex> & lock
 
 	if (number_of_blocks_processed != 0 && timer.stop () > std::chrono::milliseconds (100))
 	{
-		node.logger.debug (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Processed {} blocks ({} forced) in {} {}", number_of_blocks_processed, number_of_forced_processed, timer.value ().count (), timer.unit ());
+		logger.debug (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, "Processed {} blocks ({} forced) in {} {}", number_of_blocks_processed, number_of_forced_processed, timer.value ().count (), timer.unit ());
 	}
 
 	return processed;
@@ -345,12 +348,12 @@ nano::block_status nano::block_processor::process_one (secure::write_transaction
 {
 	auto block = context.block;
 	auto const hash = block->hash ();
-	nano::block_status result = node.ledger.process (transaction_a, block);
+	nano::block_status result = ledger.process (transaction_a, block);
 
-	node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor_result, to_stat_detail (result));
-	node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor_source, to_stat_detail (context.source));
+	stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor_result, to_stat_detail (result));
+	stats.inc (nano::stat::type::blockprocessor_source, to_stat_detail (context.source));
 
-	node.logger.trace (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, nano::log::detail::block_processed,
+	logger.trace (nano::log::type::blockprocessor, nano::log::detail::block_processed,
 	nano::log::arg{ "result", result },
 	nano::log::arg{ "source", context.source },
 	nano::log::arg{ "arrival", nano::log::microseconds (context.arrival) },
@@ -361,40 +364,41 @@ nano::block_status nano::block_processor::process_one (secure::write_transaction
 	{
 		case nano::block_status::progress:
 		{
-			queue_unchecked (transaction_a, hash);
-			/* For send blocks check epoch open unchecked (gap pending).
-			For state blocks check only send subtype and only if block epoch is not last epoch.
-			If epoch is last, then pending entry shouldn't trigger same epoch open block for destination account. */
+			unchecked.trigger (hash);
+
+			/*
+			 * For send blocks check epoch open unchecked (gap pending).
+			 * For state blocks check only send subtype and only if block epoch is not last epoch.
+			 * If epoch is last, then pending entry shouldn't trigger same epoch open block for destination account.
+			 */
 			if (block->type () == nano::block_type::send || (block->type () == nano::block_type::state && block->is_send () && std::underlying_type_t<nano::epoch> (block->sideband ().details.epoch) < std::underlying_type_t<nano::epoch> (nano::epoch::max)))
 			{
-				/* block->destination () for legacy send blocks
-				block->link () for state blocks (send subtype) */
-				queue_unchecked (transaction_a, block->destination ());
+				unchecked.trigger (block->destination ());
 			}
 			break;
 		}
 		case nano::block_status::gap_previous:
 		{
-			node.unchecked.put (block->previous (), block);
-			node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::ledger, nano::stat::detail::gap_previous);
+			unchecked.put (block->previous (), block);
+			stats.inc (nano::stat::type::ledger, nano::stat::detail::gap_previous);
 			break;
 		}
 		case nano::block_status::gap_source:
 		{
 			release_assert (block->source_field () || block->link_field ());
-			node.unchecked.put (block->source_field ().value_or (block->link_field ().value_or (0).as_block_hash ()), block);
-			node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::ledger, nano::stat::detail::gap_source);
+			unchecked.put (block->source_field ().value_or (block->link_field ().value_or (0).as_block_hash ()), block);
+			stats.inc (nano::stat::type::ledger, nano::stat::detail::gap_source);
 			break;
 		}
 		case nano::block_status::gap_epoch_open_pending:
 		{
-			node.unchecked.put (block->account_field ().value_or (0), block); // Specific unchecked key starting with epoch open block account public key
-			node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::ledger, nano::stat::detail::gap_source);
+			unchecked.put (block->account_field ().value_or (0), block); // Specific unchecked key starting with epoch open block account public key
+			stats.inc (nano::stat::type::ledger, nano::stat::detail::gap_source);
 			break;
 		}
 		case nano::block_status::old:
 		{
-			node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::ledger, nano::stat::detail::old);
+			stats.inc (nano::stat::type::ledger, nano::stat::detail::old);
 			break;
 		}
 		case nano::block_status::bad_signature:
@@ -411,7 +415,7 @@ nano::block_status nano::block_processor::process_one (secure::write_transaction
 		}
 		case nano::block_status::fork:
 		{
-			node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::ledger, nano::stat::detail::fork);
+			stats.inc (nano::stat::type::ledger, nano::stat::detail::fork);
 			break;
 		}
 		case nano::block_status::opened_burn_account:
@@ -438,11 +442,6 @@ nano::block_status nano::block_processor::process_one (secure::write_transaction
 	return result;
 }
 
-void nano::block_processor::queue_unchecked (secure::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::hash_or_account const & hash_or_account_a)
-{
-	node.unchecked.trigger (hash_or_account_a);
-}
-
 nano::container_info nano::block_processor::container_info () const
 {
 	nano::lock_guard<nano::mutex> guard{ mutex };
diff --git a/nano/node/blockprocessor.hpp b/nano/node/blockprocessor.hpp
index cb54711b..a1fcaa09 100644
--- a/nano/node/blockprocessor.hpp
+++ b/nano/node/blockprocessor.hpp
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ public: // Context
 	};
 
 public:
-	explicit block_processor (nano::node &);
+	block_processor (nano::node_config const &, nano::ledger &, nano::unchecked_map &, nano::stats &, nano::logger &);
 	~block_processor ();
 
 	void start ();
@@ -105,23 +105,28 @@ public: // Events
 	// The batch observer feeds the processed observer
 	nano::observer_set<nano::block_status const &, context const &> block_processed;
 	nano::observer_set<processed_batch_t const &> batch_processed;
-	nano::observer_set<std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const &> rolled_back;
+
+	// Rolled back blocks <rolled back block, root of rollback>
+	nano::observer_set<std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const &, nano::qualified_root const &> rolled_back;
+
+private: // Dependencies
+	block_processor_config const & config;
+	nano::network_params const & network_params;
+	nano::ledger & ledger;
+	nano::unchecked_map & unchecked;
+	nano::stats & stats;
+	nano::logger & logger;
 
 private:
 	void run ();
 	// Roll back block in the ledger that conflicts with 'block'
 	void rollback_competitor (secure::write_transaction const &, nano::block const & block);
 	nano::block_status process_one (secure::write_transaction const &, context const &, bool forced = false);
-	void queue_unchecked (secure::write_transaction const &, nano::hash_or_account const &);
 	processed_batch_t process_batch (nano::unique_lock<nano::mutex> &);
 	std::deque<context> next_batch (size_t max_count);
 	context next ();
 	bool add_impl (context, std::shared_ptr<nano::transport::channel> const & channel = nullptr);
 
-private: // Dependencies
-	block_processor_config const & config;
-	nano::node & node;
-
 private:
 	nano::fair_queue<context, nano::block_source> queue;
 
diff --git a/nano/node/confirming_set.cpp b/nano/node/confirming_set.cpp
index 3de7e7dc..c9e79444 100644
--- a/nano/node/confirming_set.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/confirming_set.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+#include <nano/lib/blocks.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/logging.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/stats.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/thread_roles.hpp>
+#include <nano/node/blockprocessor.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/confirming_set.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/ledger.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/ledger_set_any.hpp>
@@ -8,9 +10,10 @@
 #include <nano/store/component.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/write_queue.hpp>
 
-nano::confirming_set::confirming_set (confirming_set_config const & config_a, nano::ledger & ledger_a, nano::stats & stats_a, nano::logger & logger_a) :
+nano::confirming_set::confirming_set (confirming_set_config const & config_a, nano::ledger & ledger_a, nano::block_processor & block_processor_a, nano::stats & stats_a, nano::logger & logger_a) :
 	config{ config_a },
 	ledger{ ledger_a },
+	block_processor{ block_processor_a },
 	stats{ stats_a },
 	logger{ logger_a },
 	workers{ 1, nano::thread_role::name::confirmation_height_notifications }
@@ -21,6 +24,28 @@ nano::confirming_set::confirming_set (confirming_set_config const & config_a, na
 			cemented_observers.notify (context.block);
 		}
 	});
+
+	// Requeue blocks that failed to cement immediately due to missing ledger blocks
+	block_processor.batch_processed.add ([this] (auto const & batch) {
+		bool should_notify = false;
+		{
+			std::lock_guard lock{ mutex };
+			for (auto const & [result, context] : batch)
+			{
+				if (auto it = deferred.get<tag_hash> ().find (context.block->hash ()); it != deferred.get<tag_hash> ().end ())
+				{
+					stats.inc (nano::stat::type::confirming_set, nano::stat::detail::requeued);
+					set.push_back (*it);
+					deferred.get<tag_hash> ().erase (it);
+					should_notify = true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if (should_notify)
+		{
+			condition.notify_all ();
+		}
+	});
 }
 
 nano::confirming_set::~confirming_set ()
@@ -81,13 +106,14 @@ void nano::confirming_set::stop ()
 bool nano::confirming_set::contains (nano::block_hash const & hash) const
 {
 	std::lock_guard lock{ mutex };
-	return set.get<tag_hash> ().contains (hash) || current.contains (hash);
+	return set.get<tag_hash> ().contains (hash) || deferred.get<tag_hash> ().contains (hash) || current.contains (hash);
 }
 
 std::size_t nano::confirming_set::size () const
 {
+	// Do not report deferred blocks, as they are not currently being processed (and might never be requeued)
 	std::lock_guard lock{ mutex };
-	return set.size ();
+	return set.size () + current.size ();
 }
 
 void nano::confirming_set::run ()
@@ -97,6 +123,9 @@ void nano::confirming_set::run ()
 	{
 		stats.inc (nano::stat::type::confirming_set, nano::stat::detail::loop);
 
+		cleanup (lock);
+		debug_assert (lock.owns_lock ());
+
 		if (!set.empty ())
 		{
 			run_batch (lock);
@@ -137,9 +166,9 @@ void nano::confirming_set::run_batch (std::unique_lock<std::mutex> & lock)
 
 	// Keep track of the blocks we're currently cementing, so that the .contains (...) check is accurate
 	debug_assert (current.empty ());
-	for (auto const & [hash, election] : batch)
+	for (auto const & entry : batch)
 	{
-		current.insert (hash);
+		current.insert (entry.hash);
 	}
 
 	lock.unlock ();
@@ -180,8 +209,11 @@ void nano::confirming_set::run_batch (std::unique_lock<std::mutex> & lock)
 
 	{
 		auto transaction = ledger.tx_begin_write (nano::store::writer::confirmation_height);
-		for (auto const & [hash, election] : batch)
+		for (auto const & entry : batch)
 		{
+			auto const & hash = entry.hash;
+			auto const & election = entry.election;
+
 			size_t cemented_count = 0;
 			bool success = false;
 			do
@@ -236,6 +268,12 @@ void nano::confirming_set::run_batch (std::unique_lock<std::mutex> & lock)
 			{
 				stats.inc (nano::stat::type::confirming_set, nano::stat::detail::cementing_failed);
 				logger.debug (nano::log::type::confirming_set, "Failed to cement block: {}", hash.to_string ());
+
+				// Requeue failed blocks for processing later
+				// Add them to the deferred set while still holding the exclusive database write transaction to avoid block processor races
+				lock.lock ();
+				deferred.push_back (entry);
+				lock.unlock ();
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -245,18 +283,59 @@ void nano::confirming_set::run_batch (std::unique_lock<std::mutex> & lock)
 
 	already_cemented.notify (already);
 
+	// Clear current set only after the transaction is committed
 	lock.lock ();
 	current.clear ();
 	lock.unlock ();
 }
 
+void nano::confirming_set::cleanup (std::unique_lock<std::mutex> & lock)
+{
+	debug_assert (lock.owns_lock ());
+	debug_assert (!mutex.try_lock ());
+
+	auto const cutoff = std::chrono::steady_clock::now () - config.deferred_age_cutoff;
+	std::deque<entry> evicted;
+
+	auto should_evict = [&] (entry const & entry) {
+		return entry.timestamp < cutoff;
+	};
+
+	// Iterate in sequenced (insertion) order
+	for (auto it = deferred.begin (), end = deferred.end (); it != end;)
+	{
+		if (should_evict (*it) || deferred.size () > config.max_deferred)
+		{
+			stats.inc (nano::stat::type::confirming_set, nano::stat::detail::evicted);
+			debug_assert (ledger.any.block_exists (ledger.tx_begin_read (), it->hash));
+			evicted.push_back (*it);
+			it = deferred.erase (it);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			break; // Entries are sequenced, so we can stop here and avoid unnecessary iteration
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Notify about evicted blocks so that other components can perform necessary cleanup
+	if (!evicted.empty ())
+	{
+		lock.unlock ();
+		for (auto const & entry : evicted)
+		{
+			cementing_failed.notify (entry.hash);
+		}
+		lock.lock ();
+	}
+}
+
 nano::container_info nano::confirming_set::container_info () const
 {
 	std::lock_guard guard{ mutex };
 
 	nano::container_info info;
 	info.put ("set", set);
-	info.put ("notifications", workers.queued_tasks ());
+	info.put ("deferred", deferred);
 	info.add ("workers", workers.container_info ());
 	return info;
 }
diff --git a/nano/node/confirming_set.hpp b/nano/node/confirming_set.hpp
index 50ca6565..908b08c9 100644
--- a/nano/node/confirming_set.hpp
+++ b/nano/node/confirming_set.hpp
@@ -36,6 +36,11 @@ public:
 	/** Maximum number of dependent blocks to be stored in memory during processing */
 	size_t max_blocks{ 128 * 1024 };
 	size_t max_queued_notifications{ 8 };
+
+	/** Maximum number of failed blocks to wait for requeuing */
+	size_t max_deferred{ 16 * 1024 };
+	/** Max age of deferred blocks before they are dropped */
+	std::chrono::seconds deferred_age_cutoff{ 15min };
 };
 
 /**
@@ -47,7 +52,7 @@ class confirming_set final
 	friend class confirmation_height_pruned_source_Test;
 
 public:
-	confirming_set (confirming_set_config const &, nano::ledger &, nano::stats &, nano::logger &);
+	confirming_set (confirming_set_config const &, nano::ledger &, nano::block_processor &, nano::stats &, nano::logger &);
 	~confirming_set ();
 
 	void start ();
@@ -71,12 +76,14 @@ public: // Events
 
 	nano::observer_set<std::deque<context> const &> batch_cemented;
 	nano::observer_set<std::deque<nano::block_hash> const &> already_cemented;
+	nano::observer_set<nano::block_hash> cementing_failed;
 
 	nano::observer_set<std::shared_ptr<nano::block>> cemented_observers;
 
 private: // Dependencies
 	confirming_set_config const & config;
 	nano::ledger & ledger;
+	nano::block_processor & block_processor;
 	nano::stats & stats;
 	nano::logger & logger;
 
@@ -85,11 +92,13 @@ private:
 	{
 		nano::block_hash hash;
 		std::shared_ptr<nano::election> election;
+		std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point timestamp{ std::chrono::steady_clock::now () };
 	};
 
 	void run ();
 	void run_batch (std::unique_lock<std::mutex> &);
 	std::deque<entry> next_batch (size_t max_count);
+	void cleanup (std::unique_lock<std::mutex> &);
 
 private:
 	// clang-format off
@@ -104,7 +113,11 @@ private:
 	>>;
 	// clang-format on
 
+	// Blocks that are ready to be cemented
 	ordered_entries set;
+	// Blocks that could not be cemented immediately (e.g. waiting for rollbacks to complete)
+	ordered_entries deferred;
+	// Blocks that are being cemented in the current batch
 	std::unordered_set<nano::block_hash> current;
 
 	std::atomic<bool> stopped{ false };
diff --git a/nano/node/election.cpp b/nano/node/election.cpp
index 7cd964aa..1e760bb9 100644
--- a/nano/node/election.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/election.cpp
@@ -55,19 +55,28 @@ void nano::election::confirm_once (nano::unique_lock<nano::mutex> & lock)
 
 		node.active.recently_confirmed.put (qualified_root, status_l.winner->hash ());
 
+		auto const extended_status = current_status_locked ();
+
 		node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::election, nano::stat::detail::confirm_once);
 		node.logger.trace (nano::log::type::election, nano::log::detail::election_confirmed,
 		nano::log::arg{ "id", id },
 		nano::log::arg{ "qualified_root", qualified_root },
-		nano::log::arg{ "status", current_status_locked () });
+		nano::log::arg{ "status", extended_status });
+
+		node.logger.debug (nano::log::type::election, "Election confirmed with winner: {} (behavior: {}, state: {}, voters: {}, blocks: {}, duration: {}ms, confirmation requests: {})",
+		status_l.winner->hash ().to_string (),
+		to_string (behavior_m),
+		to_string (state_m),
+		extended_status.status.voter_count,
+		extended_status.status.block_count,
+		extended_status.status.election_duration.count (),
+		extended_status.status.confirmation_request_count);
+
+		node.confirming_set.add (status_l.winner->hash (), shared_from_this ());
 
 		lock.unlock ();
 
-		node.election_workers.post ([this_l = shared_from_this (), status_l, confirmation_action_l = confirmation_action] () {
-			// This is necessary if the winner of the election is one of the forks.
-			// In that case the winning block is not yet in the ledger and cementing needs to wait for rollbacks to complete.
-			this_l->node.process_confirmed (status_l.winner->hash (), this_l);
-
+		node.election_workers.post ([status_l, confirmation_action_l = confirmation_action] () {
 			if (confirmation_action_l)
 			{
 				confirmation_action_l (status_l.winner);
diff --git a/nano/node/fwd.hpp b/nano/node/fwd.hpp
index 0e5c2f6c..b7b3740e 100644
--- a/nano/node/fwd.hpp
+++ b/nano/node/fwd.hpp
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ class recently_cemented_cache;
 class recently_confirmed_cache;
 class rep_crawler;
 class rep_tiers;
+class telemetry;
+class unchecked_map;
 class stats;
 class vote_cache;
 enum class vote_code;
diff --git a/nano/node/local_block_broadcaster.cpp b/nano/node/local_block_broadcaster.cpp
index f136bd03..c2e80c86 100644
--- a/nano/node/local_block_broadcaster.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/local_block_broadcaster.cpp
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ nano::local_block_broadcaster::local_block_broadcaster (local_block_broadcaster_
 		}
 	});
 
-	block_processor.rolled_back.add ([this] (auto const & block) {
+	block_processor.rolled_back.add ([this] (auto const & block, auto const & rollback_root) {
 		nano::lock_guard<nano::mutex> guard{ mutex };
 		auto erased = local_blocks.get<tag_hash> ().erase (block->hash ());
 		stats.add (nano::stat::type::local_block_broadcaster, nano::stat::detail::rollback, erased);
diff --git a/nano/node/node.cpp b/nano/node/node.cpp
index 8ec67d59..16d5a6f8 100644
--- a/nano/node/node.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/node.cpp
@@ -125,8 +125,9 @@ nano::node::node (std::shared_ptr<boost::asio::io_context> io_ctx_a, std::filesy
 	application_path (application_path_a),
 	port_mapping_impl{ std::make_unique<nano::port_mapping> (*this) },
 	port_mapping{ *port_mapping_impl },
-	block_processor (*this),
-	confirming_set_impl{ std::make_unique<nano::confirming_set> (config.confirming_set, ledger, stats, logger) },
+	block_processor_impl{ std::make_unique<nano::block_processor> (config, ledger, unchecked, stats, logger) },
+	block_processor{ *block_processor_impl },
+	confirming_set_impl{ std::make_unique<nano::confirming_set> (config.confirming_set, ledger, block_processor, stats, logger) },
 	confirming_set{ *confirming_set_impl },
 	active_impl{ std::make_unique<nano::active_elections> (*this, confirming_set, block_processor) },
 	active{ *active_impl },
@@ -175,10 +176,6 @@ nano::node::node (std::shared_ptr<boost::asio::io_context> io_ctx_a, std::filesy
 
 	process_live_dispatcher.connect (block_processor);
 
-	unchecked.satisfied.add ([this] (nano::unchecked_info const & info) {
-		block_processor.add (info.block, nano::block_source::unchecked);
-	});
-
 	vote_cache.rep_weight_query = [this] (nano::account const & rep) {
 		return ledger.weight (rep);
 	};
@@ -198,6 +195,16 @@ nano::node::node (std::shared_ptr<boost::asio::io_context> io_ctx_a, std::filesy
 		}
 	});
 
+	// Do some cleanup due to this block never being processed by confirmation height processor
+	confirming_set.cementing_failed.add ([this] (auto const & hash) {
+		active.recently_confirmed.erase (hash);
+	});
+
+	// Do some cleanup of rolled back blocks
+	block_processor.rolled_back.add ([this] (auto const & block, auto const & rollback_root) {
+		history.erase (block->root ());
+	});
+
 	if (!init_error ())
 	{
 		wallets.observer = [this] (bool active) {
@@ -1057,39 +1064,6 @@ void nano::node::ongoing_online_weight_calculation ()
 	ongoing_online_weight_calculation_queue ();
 }
 
-// TODO: Replace this with a queue of some sort. Blocks submitted here could be in a limbo for a while: neither part of an active election nor cemented
-void nano::node::process_confirmed (nano::block_hash hash, std::shared_ptr<nano::election> election, uint64_t iteration)
-{
-	stats.inc (nano::stat::type::process_confirmed, nano::stat::detail::initiate);
-
-	// Limit the maximum number of iterations to avoid getting stuck
-	uint64_t const max_iterations = (config.block_processor_batch_max_time / network_params.node.process_confirmed_interval) * 4;
-
-	if (auto block = ledger.any.block_get (ledger.tx_begin_read (), hash))
-	{
-		stats.inc (nano::stat::type::process_confirmed, nano::stat::detail::done);
-		logger.trace (nano::log::type::node, nano::log::detail::process_confirmed, nano::log::arg{ "block", block });
-
-		confirming_set.add (block->hash (), election);
-	}
-	else if (iteration < max_iterations)
-	{
-		stats.inc (nano::stat::type::process_confirmed, nano::stat::detail::retry);
-
-		// Try again later
-		election_workers.post_delayed (network_params.node.process_confirmed_interval, [this, hash, election, iteration] () {
-			process_confirmed (hash, election, iteration + 1);
-		});
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		stats.inc (nano::stat::type::process_confirmed, nano::stat::detail::timeout);
-
-		// Do some cleanup due to this block never being processed by confirmation height processor
-		active.recently_confirmed.erase (hash);
-	}
-}
-
 std::shared_ptr<nano::node> nano::node::shared ()
 {
 	return shared_from_this ();
diff --git a/nano/node/node.hpp b/nano/node/node.hpp
index e6e284e8..2d4f4a35 100644
--- a/nano/node/node.hpp
+++ b/nano/node/node.hpp
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 #include <nano/lib/logging.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/stats.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/work.hpp>
-#include <nano/node/blockprocessor.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/distributed_work_factory.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/epoch_upgrader.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/fwd.hpp>
@@ -87,7 +86,6 @@ public:
 	void keepalive (std::string const &, uint16_t);
 	int store_version ();
 	void inbound (nano::message const &, std::shared_ptr<nano::transport::channel> const &);
-	void process_confirmed (nano::block_hash, std::shared_ptr<nano::election> = nullptr, uint64_t iteration = 0);
 	void process_active (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const &);
 	std::optional<nano::block_status> process_local (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const &);
 	void process_local_async (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const &);
@@ -177,7 +175,8 @@ public:
 	nano::node_observers observers;
 	std::unique_ptr<nano::port_mapping> port_mapping_impl;
 	nano::port_mapping & port_mapping;
-	nano::block_processor block_processor;
+	std::unique_ptr<nano::block_processor> block_processor_impl;
+	nano::block_processor & block_processor;
 	std::unique_ptr<nano::confirming_set> confirming_set_impl;
 	nano::confirming_set & confirming_set;
 	std::unique_ptr<nano::active_elections> active_impl;
@@ -229,20 +228,14 @@ public:
 	std::atomic<bool> stopped{ false };
 	static double constexpr price_max = 16.0;
 	static double constexpr free_cutoff = 1024.0;
-	// For tests only
+
+public: // For tests only
 	unsigned node_seq;
-	// For tests only
 	std::optional<uint64_t> work_generate_blocking (nano::block &);
-	// For tests only
 	std::optional<uint64_t> work_generate_blocking (nano::root const &, uint64_t);
-	// For tests only
 	std::optional<uint64_t> work_generate_blocking (nano::root const &);
 
 public: // Testing convenience functions
-	/**
-		Creates a new write transaction and inserts `block' and returns result
-		Transaction is comitted before function return
-	 */
 	[[nodiscard]] nano::block_status process (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> block);
 	[[nodiscard]] nano::block_status process (secure::write_transaction const &, std::shared_ptr<nano::block> block);
 	nano::block_hash latest (nano::account const &);
diff --git a/nano/slow_test/node.cpp b/nano/slow_test/node.cpp
index f583c842..2736d7dd 100644
--- a/nano/slow_test/node.cpp
+++ b/nano/slow_test/node.cpp
@@ -1121,6 +1121,7 @@ TEST (confirmation_height, many_accounts_send_receive_self)
 // as opposed to active transactions which implicitly calls confirmation height processor.
 TEST (confirmation_height, many_accounts_send_receive_self_no_elections)
 {
+	nano::test::system system;
 	if (nano::rocksdb_config::using_rocksdb_in_tests ())
 	{
 		// Don't test this in rocksdb mode
@@ -1139,8 +1140,12 @@ TEST (confirmation_height, many_accounts_send_receive_self_no_elections)
 
 	nano::block_hash block_hash_being_processed{ 0 };
 	nano::store::write_queue write_queue;
+
+	nano::node_config node_config;
+	nano::unchecked_map unchecked{ 0, stats, false };
+	nano::block_processor block_processor{ node_config, ledger, unchecked, stats, logger };
 	nano::confirming_set_config confirming_set_config{};
-	nano::confirming_set confirming_set{ confirming_set_config, ledger, stats, logger };
+	nano::confirming_set confirming_set{ confirming_set_config, ledger, block_processor, stats, logger };
 
 	auto const num_accounts = 100000;
 
@@ -1149,7 +1154,6 @@ TEST (confirmation_height, many_accounts_send_receive_self_no_elections)
 	std::vector<std::shared_ptr<nano::open_block>> open_blocks;
 
 	nano::block_builder builder;
-	nano::test::system system;
 
 	{
 		auto transaction = ledger.tx_begin_write ();