diff --git a/nano/core_test/active_elections.cpp b/nano/core_test/active_elections.cpp
index aabdce1c4..38c599df1 100644
--- a/nano/core_test/active_elections.cpp
+++ b/nano/core_test/active_elections.cpp
@@ -649,14 +649,14 @@ TEST (active_elections, dropped_cleanup)
 		nano::vectorstream stream (block_bytes);
 		chain[0]->serialize (stream);
 	}
-	ASSERT_FALSE (node.network.publish_filter.apply (block_bytes.data (), block_bytes.size ()));
-	ASSERT_TRUE (node.network.publish_filter.apply (block_bytes.data (), block_bytes.size ()));
+	ASSERT_FALSE (node.network.filter.apply (block_bytes.data (), block_bytes.size ()));
+	ASSERT_TRUE (node.network.filter.apply (block_bytes.data (), block_bytes.size ()));
 
 	auto election = nano::test::start_election (system, node, hash);
 	ASSERT_NE (nullptr, election);
 
 	// Not yet removed
-	ASSERT_TRUE (node.network.publish_filter.apply (block_bytes.data (), block_bytes.size ()));
+	ASSERT_TRUE (node.network.filter.apply (block_bytes.data (), block_bytes.size ()));
 	ASSERT_TRUE (node.vote_router.active (hash));
 
 	// Now simulate dropping the election
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ TEST (active_elections, dropped_cleanup)
 	node.active.erase (*chain[0]);
 
 	// The filter must have been cleared
-	ASSERT_FALSE (node.network.publish_filter.apply (block_bytes.data (), block_bytes.size ()));
+	ASSERT_FALSE (node.network.filter.apply (block_bytes.data (), block_bytes.size ()));
 
 	// An election was recently dropped
 	ASSERT_EQ (1, node.stats.count (nano::stat::type::active_elections_dropped, nano::stat::detail::manual));
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ TEST (active_elections, dropped_cleanup)
 	ASSERT_FALSE (node.vote_router.active (hash));
 
 	// Repeat test for a confirmed election
-	ASSERT_TRUE (node.network.publish_filter.apply (block_bytes.data (), block_bytes.size ()));
+	ASSERT_TRUE (node.network.filter.apply (block_bytes.data (), block_bytes.size ()));
 
 	election = nano::test::start_election (system, node, hash);
 	ASSERT_NE (nullptr, election);
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ TEST (active_elections, dropped_cleanup)
 	node.active.erase (*chain[0]);
 
 	// The filter should not have been cleared
-	ASSERT_TRUE (node.network.publish_filter.apply (block_bytes.data (), block_bytes.size ()));
+	ASSERT_TRUE (node.network.filter.apply (block_bytes.data (), block_bytes.size ()));
 
 	// Not dropped
 	ASSERT_EQ (1, node.stats.count (nano::stat::type::active_elections_dropped, nano::stat::detail::manual));
@@ -825,7 +825,7 @@ TEST (active_elections, fork_filter_cleanup)
 	ASSERT_TIMELY_EQ (5s, node1.ledger.block_count (), 2);
 
 	// Block is erased from the duplicate filter
-	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, node1.network.publish_filter.apply (send_block_bytes.data (), send_block_bytes.size ()));
+	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, node1.network.filter.apply (send_block_bytes.data (), send_block_bytes.size ()));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -960,7 +960,7 @@ TEST (active_elections, fork_replacement_tally)
 	// Process correct block
 	node_config.peering_port = system.get_available_port ();
 	auto & node2 (*system.add_node (node_config));
-	node1.network.publish_filter.clear ();
+	node1.network.filter.clear ();
 	node2.network.flood_block (send_last);
 	ASSERT_TIMELY (3s, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::message, nano::stat::detail::publish, nano::stat::dir::in) > 0);
 
@@ -974,7 +974,7 @@ TEST (active_elections, fork_replacement_tally)
 	node1.vote_processor.vote (vote, std::make_shared<nano::transport::inproc::channel> (node1, node1));
 	// ensure vote arrives before the block
 	ASSERT_TIMELY_EQ (5s, 1, node1.vote_cache.find (send_last->hash ()).size ());
-	node1.network.publish_filter.clear ();
+	node1.network.filter.clear ();
 	node2.network.flood_block (send_last);
 	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::message, nano::stat::detail::publish, nano::stat::dir::in) > 1);
 
diff --git a/nano/core_test/network.cpp b/nano/core_test/network.cpp
index 60efc32be..eb4713f94 100644
--- a/nano/core_test/network.cpp
+++ b/nano/core_test/network.cpp
@@ -686,6 +686,21 @@ TEST (network, peer_max_tcp_attempts_subnetwork)
 	ASSERT_EQ (1, node->stats.count (nano::stat::type::tcp, nano::stat::detail::max_per_subnetwork, nano::stat::dir::out));
 }
 
+namespace
+{
+// Skip the first 8 bytes of the message header, which is the common header for all messages
+std::vector<uint8_t> message_payload_to_bytes (nano::message const & message)
+{
+	std::vector<uint8_t> bytes;
+	{
+		nano::vectorstream stream (bytes);
+		message.serialize (stream);
+	}
+	debug_assert (bytes.size () > nano::message_header::size);
+	return std::vector<uint8_t> (bytes.begin () + nano::message_header::size, bytes.end ());
+}
+}
+
 // Send two publish messages and asserts that the duplication is detected.
 TEST (network, duplicate_detection)
 {
@@ -700,9 +715,10 @@ TEST (network, duplicate_detection)
 	// Publish duplicate detection through TCP
 	auto tcp_channel = node0.network.tcp_channels.find_node_id (node1.get_node_id ());
 	ASSERT_NE (nullptr, tcp_channel);
+
 	ASSERT_EQ (0, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_publish_message));
 	tcp_channel->send (publish);
-	ASSERT_TIMELY_EQ (2s, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_publish_message), 0);
+	ASSERT_ALWAYS_EQ (100ms, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_publish_message), 0);
 	tcp_channel->send (publish);
 	ASSERT_TIMELY_EQ (2s, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_publish_message), 1);
 }
@@ -714,17 +730,13 @@ TEST (network, duplicate_revert_publish)
 	node_config.block_processor.max_peer_queue = 0;
 	auto & node (*system.add_node (node_config));
 	nano::publish publish{ nano::dev::network_params.network, nano::dev::genesis };
-	std::vector<uint8_t> bytes;
-	{
-		nano::vectorstream stream (bytes);
-		publish.block->serialize (stream);
-	}
+	std::vector<uint8_t> bytes = message_payload_to_bytes (publish);
 	// Add to the blocks filter
 	// Should be cleared when dropping due to a full block processor, as long as the message has the optional digest attached
 	// Test network.duplicate_detection ensures that the digest is attached when deserializing messages
 	nano::uint128_t digest;
-	ASSERT_FALSE (node.network.publish_filter.apply (bytes.data (), bytes.size (), &digest));
-	ASSERT_TRUE (node.network.publish_filter.apply (bytes.data (), bytes.size ()));
+	ASSERT_FALSE (node.network.filter.apply (bytes.data (), bytes.size (), &digest));
+	ASSERT_TRUE (node.network.filter.apply (bytes.data (), bytes.size ()));
 	auto other_node (std::make_shared<nano::node> (system.io_ctx, system.get_available_port (), nano::unique_path (), system.work));
 	other_node->start ();
 	system.nodes.push_back (other_node);
@@ -732,10 +744,96 @@ TEST (network, duplicate_revert_publish)
 	ASSERT_NE (nullptr, channel);
 	ASSERT_EQ (0, publish.digest);
 	node.network.inbound (publish, channel);
-	ASSERT_TRUE (node.network.publish_filter.apply (bytes.data (), bytes.size ()));
+	ASSERT_TRUE (node.network.filter.apply (bytes.data (), bytes.size ()));
 	publish.digest = digest;
 	node.network.inbound (publish, channel);
-	ASSERT_FALSE (node.network.publish_filter.apply (bytes.data (), bytes.size ()));
+	ASSERT_FALSE (node.network.filter.apply (bytes.data (), bytes.size ()));
+}
+
+TEST (network, duplicate_vote_detection)
+{
+	nano::test::system system;
+	auto & node0 = *system.add_node ();
+	auto & node1 = *system.add_node ();
+
+	auto vote = nano::test::make_vote (nano::dev::genesis_key, { nano::dev::genesis->hash () });
+	nano::confirm_ack message{ nano::dev::network_params.network, vote };
+
+	ASSERT_EQ (0, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_confirm_ack_message));
+
+	// Publish duplicate detection through TCP
+	auto tcp_channel = node0.network.tcp_channels.find_node_id (node1.get_node_id ());
+	ASSERT_NE (nullptr, tcp_channel);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ (0, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_confirm_ack_message));
+	tcp_channel->send (message);
+	ASSERT_ALWAYS_EQ (100ms, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_confirm_ack_message), 0);
+	tcp_channel->send (message);
+	ASSERT_TIMELY_EQ (2s, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_confirm_ack_message), 1);
+}
+
+// Ensures that the filter doesn't filter out votes that could not be queued for processing
+TEST (network, duplicate_revert_vote)
+{
+	nano::test::system system;
+	nano::node_config node_config = system.default_config ();
+	node_config.vote_processor.enable = false; // Do not drain queued votes
+	node_config.vote_processor.max_non_pr_queue = 1;
+	node_config.vote_processor.max_pr_queue = 1;
+	auto & node0 = *system.add_node (node_config);
+	auto & node1 = *system.add_node (node_config);
+
+	auto vote1 = nano::test::make_vote (nano::dev::genesis_key, { nano::dev::genesis->hash () }, 1);
+	nano::confirm_ack message1{ nano::dev::network_params.network, vote1 };
+	auto bytes1 = message_payload_to_bytes (message1);
+
+	auto vote2 = nano::test::make_vote (nano::dev::genesis_key, { nano::dev::genesis->hash () }, 2);
+	nano::confirm_ack message2{ nano::dev::network_params.network, vote2 };
+	auto bytes2 = message_payload_to_bytes (message2);
+
+	// Publish duplicate detection through TCP
+	auto tcp_channel = node0.network.tcp_channels.find_node_id (node1.get_node_id ());
+	ASSERT_NE (nullptr, tcp_channel);
+
+	// First vote should be processed
+	tcp_channel->send (message1);
+	ASSERT_ALWAYS_EQ (100ms, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_confirm_ack_message), 0);
+	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, node1.network.filter.check (bytes1.data (), bytes1.size ()));
+
+	// Second vote should get dropped from processor queue
+	tcp_channel->send (message2);
+	ASSERT_ALWAYS_EQ (100ms, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_confirm_ack_message), 0);
+	// And the filter should not have it
+	WAIT (500ms); // Give the node time to process the vote
+	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, !node1.network.filter.check (bytes2.data (), bytes2.size ()));
+}
+
+TEST (network, expire_duplicate_filter)
+{
+	nano::test::system system;
+	nano::node_config node_config = system.default_config ();
+	node_config.network.duplicate_filter_cutoff = 3; // Expire after 3 seconds
+	auto & node0 = *system.add_node (node_config);
+	auto & node1 = *system.add_node (node_config);
+
+	auto vote = nano::test::make_vote (nano::dev::genesis_key, { nano::dev::genesis->hash () });
+	nano::confirm_ack message{ nano::dev::network_params.network, vote };
+	auto bytes = message_payload_to_bytes (message);
+
+	// Publish duplicate detection through TCP
+	auto tcp_channel = node0.network.tcp_channels.find_node_id (node1.get_node_id ());
+	ASSERT_NE (nullptr, tcp_channel);
+
+	// Send a vote
+	ASSERT_EQ (0, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_confirm_ack_message));
+	tcp_channel->send (message);
+	ASSERT_ALWAYS_EQ (100ms, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_confirm_ack_message), 0);
+	tcp_channel->send (message);
+	ASSERT_TIMELY_EQ (2s, node1.stats.count (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_confirm_ack_message), 1);
+
+	// The filter should expire the vote after some time
+	ASSERT_TRUE (node1.network.filter.check (bytes.data (), bytes.size ()));
+	ASSERT_TIMELY (10s, !node1.network.filter.check (bytes.data (), bytes.size ()));
 }
 
 // The test must be completed in less than 1 second
diff --git a/nano/core_test/network_filter.cpp b/nano/core_test/network_filter.cpp
index a886ae956..0a713a187 100644
--- a/nano/core_test/network_filter.cpp
+++ b/nano/core_test/network_filter.cpp
@@ -1,12 +1,24 @@
 #include <nano/lib/blocks.hpp>
+#include <nano/lib/network_filter.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/stream.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/common.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/common.hpp>
-#include <nano/secure/network_filter.hpp>
 #include <nano/test_common/testutil.hpp>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+TEST (network_filter, apply)
+{
+	nano::network_filter filter (4);
+	ASSERT_FALSE (filter.check (34));
+	ASSERT_FALSE (filter.apply (34));
+	ASSERT_TRUE (filter.check (34));
+	ASSERT_TRUE (filter.apply (34));
+	filter.clear (nano::network_filter::digest_t{ 34 });
+	ASSERT_FALSE (filter.check (34));
+	ASSERT_FALSE (filter.apply (34));
+}
+
 TEST (network_filter, unit)
 {
 	nano::network_filter filter (1);
@@ -92,6 +104,7 @@ TEST (network_filter, many)
 		// Now filter the rest of the stream
 		// All blocks should pass through
 		ASSERT_FALSE (filter.apply (bytes->data (), block->size));
+		ASSERT_TRUE (filter.check (bytes->data (), block->size));
 		ASSERT_FALSE (error);
 
 		// Make sure the stream was rewinded correctly
@@ -127,3 +140,27 @@ TEST (network_filter, optional_digest)
 	filter.clear (digest);
 	ASSERT_FALSE (filter.apply (bytes1.data (), bytes1.size ()));
 }
+
+TEST (network_filter, expire)
+{
+	// Expire entries older than 2 epochs
+	nano::network_filter filter{ 4, 2 };
+
+	ASSERT_FALSE (filter.apply (1)); // Entry with epoch 0
+	filter.update (); // Bump epoch to 1
+	ASSERT_FALSE (filter.apply (2)); // Entry with epoch 1
+
+	// Both values should be detected as present
+	ASSERT_TRUE (filter.check (1));
+	ASSERT_TRUE (filter.check (2));
+
+	filter.update (2); // Bump epoch to 3
+
+	ASSERT_FALSE (filter.check (1)); // Entry with epoch 0 should be expired
+	ASSERT_TRUE (filter.check (2)); // Entry with epoch 1 should still be present
+
+	filter.update (); // Bump epoch to 4
+
+	ASSERT_FALSE (filter.check (2)); // Entry with epoch 1 should be expired
+	ASSERT_FALSE (filter.apply (2)); // Entry with epoch 1 should be replaced
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nano/core_test/node.cpp b/nano/core_test/node.cpp
index 7a3ea364b..7a8f1df34 100644
--- a/nano/core_test/node.cpp
+++ b/nano/core_test/node.cpp
@@ -2220,7 +2220,7 @@ TEST (node, vote_by_hash_republish)
 	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, node2.active.active (*send1));
 
 	// give block send2 to node1 and wait until the block is received and processed by node1
-	node1.network.publish_filter.clear ();
+	node1.network.filter.clear ();
 	node1.process_active (send2);
 	ASSERT_TIMELY (5s, node1.active.active (*send2));
 
diff --git a/nano/fuzzer_test/fuzz_buffer.cpp b/nano/fuzzer_test/fuzz_buffer.cpp
index 4be224028..9f584395a 100644
--- a/nano/fuzzer_test/fuzz_buffer.cpp
+++ b/nano/fuzzer_test/fuzz_buffer.cpp
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ void fuzz_message_parser (uint8_t const * Data, size_t Size)
 	}
 
 	fuzz_visitor visitor;
-	nano::message_parser parser (node0->network.publish_filter, node0->block_uniquer, node0->vote_uniquer, visitor, node0->work);
+	nano::message_parser parser (node0->network.filter, node0->block_uniquer, node0->vote_uniquer, visitor, node0->work);
 	parser.deserialize_buffer (Data, Size);
 }
 
diff --git a/nano/lib/CMakeLists.txt b/nano/lib/CMakeLists.txt
index 144e1adfd..25f6d0add 100644
--- a/nano/lib/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/nano/lib/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ add_library(
   logging_enums.cpp
   memory.hpp
   memory.cpp
+  network_filter.hpp
+  network_filter.cpp
   numbers.hpp
   numbers.cpp
   object_stream.hpp
diff --git a/nano/lib/network_filter.cpp b/nano/lib/network_filter.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..237746971
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/lib/network_filter.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+#include <nano/crypto_lib/random_pool.hpp>
+#include <nano/lib/blocks.hpp>
+#include <nano/lib/locks.hpp>
+#include <nano/lib/network_filter.hpp>
+#include <nano/lib/stream.hpp>
+#include <nano/secure/common.hpp>
+
+nano::network_filter::network_filter (size_t size_a, epoch_t age_cutoff_a) :
+	items (size_a, { 0 }),
+	age_cutoff{ age_cutoff_a }
+{
+	nano::random_pool::generate_block (key, key.size ());
+}
+
+void nano::network_filter::update (epoch_t epoch_inc)
+{
+	debug_assert (epoch_inc > 0);
+	nano::lock_guard<nano::mutex> lock{ mutex };
+	current_epoch += epoch_inc;
+}
+
+bool nano::network_filter::compare (entry const & existing, digest_t const & digest) const
+{
+	debug_assert (!mutex.try_lock ());
+	// Only consider digests to be the same if the epoch is within the age cutoff
+	return existing.digest == digest && existing.epoch + age_cutoff >= current_epoch;
+}
+
+bool nano::network_filter::apply (uint8_t const * bytes_a, size_t count_a, nano::uint128_t * digest_out)
+{
+	// Get hash before locking
+	auto digest = hash (bytes_a, count_a);
+	if (digest_out)
+	{
+		*digest_out = digest;
+	}
+	return apply (digest);
+}
+
+bool nano::network_filter::apply (digest_t const & digest)
+{
+	nano::lock_guard<nano::mutex> lock{ mutex };
+
+	auto & element = get_element (digest);
+	bool existed = compare (element, digest);
+	if (!existed)
+	{
+		// Replace likely old element with a new one
+		element = { digest, current_epoch };
+	}
+	return existed;
+}
+
+bool nano::network_filter::check (uint8_t const * bytes, size_t count) const
+{
+	return check (hash (bytes, count));
+}
+
+bool nano::network_filter::check (digest_t const & digest) const
+{
+	nano::lock_guard<nano::mutex> lock{ mutex };
+	auto & element = get_element (digest);
+	return compare (element, digest);
+}
+
+void nano::network_filter::clear (digest_t const & digest)
+{
+	nano::lock_guard<nano::mutex> lock{ mutex };
+	auto & element = get_element (digest);
+	if (compare (element, digest))
+	{
+		element = { 0 };
+	}
+}
+
+void nano::network_filter::clear (std::vector<digest_t> const & digests)
+{
+	nano::lock_guard<nano::mutex> lock{ mutex };
+	for (auto const & digest : digests)
+	{
+		auto & element = get_element (digest);
+		if (compare (element, digest))
+		{
+			element = { 0 };
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void nano::network_filter::clear (uint8_t const * bytes_a, size_t count_a)
+{
+	clear (hash (bytes_a, count_a));
+}
+
+template <typename OBJECT>
+void nano::network_filter::clear (OBJECT const & object_a)
+{
+	clear (hash (object_a));
+}
+
+void nano::network_filter::clear ()
+{
+	nano::lock_guard<nano::mutex> lock{ mutex };
+	items.assign (items.size (), { 0 });
+}
+
+template <typename OBJECT>
+nano::uint128_t nano::network_filter::hash (OBJECT const & object_a) const
+{
+	std::vector<uint8_t> bytes;
+	{
+		nano::vectorstream stream (bytes);
+		object_a->serialize (stream);
+	}
+	return hash (bytes.data (), bytes.size ());
+}
+
+auto nano::network_filter::get_element (nano::uint128_t const & hash_a) -> entry &
+{
+	debug_assert (!mutex.try_lock ());
+	debug_assert (items.size () > 0);
+	size_t index (hash_a % items.size ());
+	return items[index];
+}
+
+auto nano::network_filter::get_element (nano::uint128_t const & hash_a) const -> entry const &
+{
+	debug_assert (!mutex.try_lock ());
+	debug_assert (items.size () > 0);
+	size_t index (hash_a % items.size ());
+	return items[index];
+}
+
+nano::uint128_t nano::network_filter::hash (uint8_t const * bytes_a, size_t count_a) const
+{
+	nano::uint128_union digest{ 0 };
+	siphash_t siphash (key, static_cast<unsigned int> (key.size ()));
+	siphash.CalculateDigest (digest.bytes.data (), bytes_a, count_a);
+	return digest.number ();
+}
+
+// Explicitly instantiate
+template nano::uint128_t nano::network_filter::hash (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const &) const;
+template void nano::network_filter::clear (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const &);
diff --git a/nano/secure/network_filter.hpp b/nano/lib/network_filter.hpp
similarity index 61%
rename from nano/secure/network_filter.hpp
rename to nano/lib/network_filter.hpp
index 7604acfc4..c9cca1030 100644
--- a/nano/secure/network_filter.hpp
+++ b/nano/lib/network_filter.hpp
@@ -17,39 +17,56 @@ namespace nano
 class network_filter final
 {
 public:
-	network_filter () = delete;
-	network_filter (size_t size_a);
+	using digest_t = nano::uint128_t;
+	using epoch_t = uint64_t;
+
+public:
+	explicit network_filter (size_t size, epoch_t age_cutoff = 0);
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the filter to the next epoch.
+	 * Should be called periodically to time out old entries.
+	 */
+	void update (epoch_t epoch_inc = 1);
+
 	/**
 	 * Reads \p count_a bytes starting from \p bytes_a and inserts the siphash digest in the filter.
 	 * @param \p digest_a if given, will be set to the resulting siphash digest
 	 * @warning will read out of bounds if [ \p bytes_a, \p bytes_a + \p count_a ] is not a valid range
 	 * @return a boolean representing the previous existence of the hash in the filter.
 	 **/
-	bool apply (uint8_t const * bytes_a, size_t count_a, nano::uint128_t * digest_a = nullptr);
+	bool apply (uint8_t const * bytes, size_t count, digest_t * digest_out = nullptr);
+	bool apply (digest_t const & digest);
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the digest is in the filter.
+	 * @return a boolean representing the existence of the hash in the filter.
+	 */
+	bool check (uint8_t const * bytes, size_t count) const;
+	bool check (digest_t const & digest) const;
 
 	/**
 	 * Sets the corresponding element in the filter to zero, if it matches \p digest_a exactly.
 	 **/
-	void clear (nano::uint128_t const & digest_a);
+	void clear (digest_t const & digest);
 
 	/**
 	 * Clear many digests from the filter
 	 **/
-	void clear (std::vector<nano::uint128_t> const &);
+	void clear (std::vector<digest_t> const &);
 
 	/**
 	 * Reads \p count_a bytes starting from \p bytes_a and digests the contents.
 	 * Then, sets the corresponding element in the filter to zero, if it matches the digest exactly.
 	 * @warning will read out of bounds if [ \p bytes_a, \p bytes_a + \p count_a ] is not a valid range
 	 **/
-	void clear (uint8_t const * bytes_a, size_t count_a);
+	void clear (uint8_t const * bytes, size_t count);
 
 	/**
 	 * Serializes \p object_a and clears the resulting siphash digest from the filter.
-	 * @return a boolean representing the previous existence of the hash in the filter.
 	 **/
 	template <typename OBJECT>
-	void clear (OBJECT const & object_a);
+	void clear (OBJECT const & object);
 
 	/** Sets every element of the filter to zero, keeping its size and capacity. */
 	void clear ();
@@ -58,26 +75,40 @@ public:
 	 * Serializes \p object_a and returns the resulting siphash digest
 	 */
 	template <typename OBJECT>
-	nano::uint128_t hash (OBJECT const & object_a) const;
+	digest_t hash (OBJECT const & object) const;
+
+	/**
+	 * Hashes \p count_a bytes starting from \p bytes_a .
+	 * @return the siphash digest of the contents in \p bytes_a .
+	 **/
+	digest_t hash (uint8_t const * bytes, size_t count) const;
 
 private:
+	epoch_t const age_cutoff;
+	epoch_t current_epoch{ 0 };
+
 	using siphash_t = CryptoPP::SipHash<2, 4, true>;
+	CryptoPP::SecByteBlock key{ siphash_t::KEYLENGTH };
+
+	mutable nano::mutex mutex{ mutex_identifier (mutexes::network_filter) };
+
+private:
+	struct entry
+	{
+		digest_t digest;
+		epoch_t epoch;
+	};
+
+	std::vector<entry> items;
 
 	/**
 	 * Get element from digest.
 	 * @note must have a lock on mutex
 	 * @return a reference to the element with key \p hash_a
 	 **/
-	nano::uint128_t & get_element (nano::uint128_t const & hash_a);
+	entry & get_element (digest_t const & hash);
+	entry const & get_element (digest_t const & hash) const;
 
-	/**
-	 * Hashes \p count_a bytes starting from \p bytes_a .
-	 * @return the siphash digest of the contents in \p bytes_a .
-	 **/
-	nano::uint128_t hash (uint8_t const * bytes_a, size_t count_a) const;
-
-	std::vector<nano::uint128_t> items;
-	CryptoPP::SecByteBlock key{ siphash_t::KEYLENGTH };
-	nano::mutex mutex{ mutex_identifier (mutexes::network_filter) };
+	bool compare (entry const & existing, digest_t const & digest) const;
 };
 }
diff --git a/nano/lib/stats_enums.hpp b/nano/lib/stats_enums.hpp
index 64e7f9716..c8f3e5f81 100644
--- a/nano/lib/stats_enums.hpp
+++ b/nano/lib/stats_enums.hpp
@@ -201,6 +201,9 @@ enum class detail
 	asc_pull_req,
 	asc_pull_ack,
 
+	// dropped messages
+	confirm_ack_zero_account,
+
 	// bootstrap, callback
 	initiate,
 	initiate_legacy_age,
@@ -354,6 +357,7 @@ enum class detail
 
 	// duplicate
 	duplicate_publish_message,
+	duplicate_confirm_ack_message,
 
 	// telemetry
 	invalid_signature,
diff --git a/nano/node/active_elections.cpp b/nano/node/active_elections.cpp
index 7c4aadc63..814cf088a 100644
--- a/nano/node/active_elections.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/active_elections.cpp
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ void nano::active_elections::cleanup_election (nano::unique_lock<nano::mutex> &
 		if (!election->confirmed ())
 		{
 			// Clear from publish filter
-			node.network.publish_filter.clear (block);
+			node.network.filter.clear (block);
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/nano/node/common.hpp b/nano/node/common.hpp
index 54c337ba1..5dd98516d 100644
--- a/nano/node/common.hpp
+++ b/nano/node/common.hpp
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 #include <nano/boost/asio/ip/tcp.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/jsonconfig.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/memory.hpp>
+#include <nano/lib/network_filter.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/common.hpp>
-#include <nano/secure/network_filter.hpp>
 
 #include <bitset>
 #include <optional>
diff --git a/nano/node/election.cpp b/nano/node/election.cpp
index c3845fc23..98fa9ba49 100644
--- a/nano/node/election.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/election.cpp
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ bool nano::election::publish (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const & block_a)
 		if (!replace_by_weight (lock, block_a->hash ()))
 		{
 			result = true;
-			node.network.publish_filter.clear (block_a);
+			node.network.filter.clear (block_a);
 		}
 		debug_assert (lock.owns_lock ());
 	}
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ void nano::election::remove_block (nano::block_hash const & hash_a)
 				return entry.second.hash == hash_a;
 			});
 
-			node.network.publish_filter.clear (existing->second);
+			node.network.filter.clear (existing->second);
 			last_blocks.erase (hash_a);
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/nano/node/message_processor.cpp b/nano/node/message_processor.cpp
index 6ed8cd118..f43126b4d 100644
--- a/nano/node/message_processor.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/message_processor.cpp
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ public:
 		bool added = node.block_processor.add (message.block, message.is_originator () ? nano::block_source::live_originator : nano::block_source::live, channel);
 		if (!added)
 		{
-			node.network.publish_filter.clear (message.digest);
+			node.network.filter.clear (message.digest);
 			node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::drop, nano::stat::detail::publish, nano::stat::dir::in);
 		}
 	}
@@ -210,9 +210,18 @@ public:
 
 	void confirm_ack (nano::confirm_ack const & message) override
 	{
-		if (!message.vote->account.is_zero ())
+		// Ignore zero account votes
+		if (message.vote->account.is_zero ())
 		{
-			node.vote_processor.vote (message.vote, channel, message.is_rebroadcasted () ? nano::vote_source::rebroadcast : nano::vote_source::live);
+			node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::drop, nano::stat::detail::confirm_ack_zero_account, nano::stat::dir::in);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		bool added = node.vote_processor.vote (message.vote, channel, message.is_rebroadcasted () ? nano::vote_source::rebroadcast : nano::vote_source::live);
+		if (!added)
+		{
+			node.network.filter.clear (message.digest);
+			node.stats.inc (nano::stat::type::drop, nano::stat::detail::confirm_ack, nano::stat::dir::in);
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/nano/node/messages.cpp b/nano/node/messages.cpp
index 0143a62b2..a2e819cc3 100644
--- a/nano/node/messages.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/messages.cpp
@@ -423,9 +423,9 @@ void nano::keepalive::operator() (nano::object_stream & obs) const
  * publish
  */
 
-nano::publish::publish (bool & error_a, nano::stream & stream_a, nano::message_header const & header_a, nano::uint128_t const & digest_a, nano::block_uniquer * uniquer_a) :
+nano::publish::publish (bool & error_a, nano::stream & stream_a, nano::message_header const & header_a, nano::network_filter::digest_t const & digest_a, nano::block_uniquer * uniquer_a) :
 	message (header_a),
-	digest (digest_a)
+	digest{ digest_a }
 {
 	if (!error_a)
 	{
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ nano::publish::publish (bool & error_a, nano::stream & stream_a, nano::message_h
 
 nano::publish::publish (nano::network_constants const & constants, std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const & block_a, bool is_originator_a) :
 	message (constants, nano::message_type::publish),
-	block (block_a)
+	block{ block_a }
 {
 	header.block_type_set (block->type ());
 	header.flag_set (originator_flag, is_originator_a);
@@ -613,9 +613,10 @@ void nano::confirm_req::operator() (nano::object_stream & obs) const
  * confirm_ack
  */
 
-nano::confirm_ack::confirm_ack (bool & error_a, nano::stream & stream_a, nano::message_header const & header_a, nano::vote_uniquer * uniquer_a) :
+nano::confirm_ack::confirm_ack (bool & error_a, nano::stream & stream_a, nano::message_header const & header_a, nano::network_filter::digest_t const & digest_a, nano::vote_uniquer * uniquer_a) :
 	message (header_a),
-	vote (nano::make_shared<nano::vote> (error_a, stream_a))
+	vote{ nano::make_shared<nano::vote> (error_a, stream_a) },
+	digest{ digest_a }
 {
 	if (!error_a && uniquer_a)
 	{
@@ -625,7 +626,7 @@ nano::confirm_ack::confirm_ack (bool & error_a, nano::stream & stream_a, nano::m
 
 nano::confirm_ack::confirm_ack (nano::network_constants const & constants, std::shared_ptr<nano::vote> const & vote_a, bool rebroadcasted_a) :
 	message (constants, nano::message_type::confirm_ack),
-	vote (vote_a)
+	vote{ vote_a }
 {
 	debug_assert (vote->hashes.size () < 256);
 
diff --git a/nano/node/messages.hpp b/nano/node/messages.hpp
index 33431821f..00f1070b0 100644
--- a/nano/node/messages.hpp
+++ b/nano/node/messages.hpp
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <nano/lib/jsonconfig.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/logging.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/memory.hpp>
+#include <nano/lib/network_filter.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/numbers.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/object_stream.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/stats_enums.hpp>
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ public: // Logging
 class publish final : public message
 {
 public:
-	publish (bool &, nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &, nano::uint128_t const & = 0, nano::block_uniquer * = nullptr);
+	publish (bool &, nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &, nano::network_filter::digest_t const & digest = 0, nano::block_uniquer * = nullptr);
 	publish (nano::network_constants const & constants, std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const &, bool is_originator = false);
 
 	void serialize (nano::stream &) const override;
@@ -201,7 +202,9 @@ public:
 
 public: // Payload
 	std::shared_ptr<nano::block> block;
-	nano::uint128_t digest{ 0 };
+
+	// Messages deserialized from network should have their digest set
+	nano::network_filter::digest_t digest{ 0 };
 
 public: // Logging
 	void operator() (nano::object_stream &) const override;
@@ -264,7 +267,7 @@ public: // Logging
 class confirm_ack final : public message
 {
 public:
-	confirm_ack (bool & error, nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &, nano::vote_uniquer * = nullptr);
+	confirm_ack (bool & error, nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &, nano::network_filter::digest_t const & digest = 0, nano::vote_uniquer * = nullptr);
 	confirm_ack (nano::network_constants const & constants, std::shared_ptr<nano::vote> const &, bool rebroadcasted = false);
 
 	void serialize (nano::stream &) const override;
@@ -282,6 +285,9 @@ private:
 public: // Payload
 	std::shared_ptr<nano::vote> vote;
 
+	// Messages deserialized from network should have their digest set
+	nano::network_filter::digest_t digest{ 0 };
+
 public: // Logging
 	void operator() (nano::object_stream &) const override;
 };
diff --git a/nano/node/network.cpp b/nano/node/network.cpp
index 3d15149c3..5073cf35e 100644
--- a/nano/node/network.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/network.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ nano::network::network (nano::node & node, uint16_t port) :
 	id{ nano::network_constants::active_network },
 	syn_cookies{ node.config.network.max_peers_per_ip, node.logger },
 	resolver{ node.io_ctx },
-	publish_filter{ 256 * 1024 },
+	filter{ node.config.network.duplicate_filter_size, node.config.network.duplicate_filter_cutoff },
 	tcp_channels{ node },
 	port{ port }
 {
@@ -97,7 +97,9 @@ void nano::network::run_cleanup ()
 	nano::unique_lock<nano::mutex> lock{ mutex };
 	while (!stopped)
 	{
-		condition.wait_for (lock, node.network_params.network.is_dev_network () ? 1s : 5s);
+		std::chrono::seconds const interval = node.network_params.network.is_dev_network () ? 1s : 5s;
+
+		condition.wait_for (lock, interval);
 		if (stopped)
 		{
 			return;
@@ -115,6 +117,8 @@ void nano::network::run_cleanup ()
 		auto const syn_cookie_cutoff = std::chrono::steady_clock::now () - node.network_params.network.syn_cookie_cutoff;
 		syn_cookies.purge (syn_cookie_cutoff);
 
+		filter.update (interval.count ());
+
 		lock.lock ();
 	}
 }
diff --git a/nano/node/network.hpp b/nano/node/network.hpp
index 31ebeee2b..e33cbd5f0 100644
--- a/nano/node/network.hpp
+++ b/nano/node/network.hpp
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <nano/lib/logging.hpp>
+#include <nano/lib/network_filter.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/common.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/messages.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/peer_exclusion.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/transport/common.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/transport/fwd.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/transport/tcp_channels.hpp>
-#include <nano/secure/network_filter.hpp>
 
 #include <deque>
 #include <memory>
@@ -77,6 +77,9 @@ public:
 	size_t max_peers_per_ip{ 4 };
 	/** Maximum number of peers per subnetwork */
 	size_t max_peers_per_subnetwork{ 16 };
+
+	size_t duplicate_filter_size{ 1024 * 1024 };
+	uint64_t duplicate_filter_cutoff{ 60 };
 };
 
 class network final
@@ -148,7 +151,7 @@ public:
 	nano::syn_cookies syn_cookies;
 	boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver resolver;
 	nano::peer_exclusion excluded_peers;
-	nano::network_filter publish_filter;
+	nano::network_filter filter;
 	nano::transport::tcp_channels tcp_channels;
 	std::atomic<uint16_t> port{ 0 };
 
diff --git a/nano/node/node.cpp b/nano/node/node.cpp
index 182d1cd5e..46519b080 100644
--- a/nano/node/node.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/node.cpp
@@ -170,13 +170,6 @@ nano::node::node (std::shared_ptr<boost::asio::io_context> io_ctx_a, std::filesy
 		return ledger.weight (rep);
 	};
 
-	vote_router.vote_processed.add ([this] (std::shared_ptr<nano::vote> const & vote, nano::vote_source source, std::unordered_map<nano::block_hash, nano::vote_code> const & results) {
-		if (source != nano::vote_source::cache)
-		{
-			vote_cache.insert (vote, results);
-		}
-	});
-
 	// Republish vote if it is new and the node does not host a principal representative (or close to)
 	vote_router.vote_processed.add ([this] (std::shared_ptr<nano::vote> const & vote, nano::vote_source source, std::unordered_map<nano::block_hash, nano::vote_code> const & results) {
 		bool processed = std::any_of (results.begin (), results.end (), [] (auto const & result) {
diff --git a/nano/node/transport/inproc.cpp b/nano/node/transport/inproc.cpp
index e1c8383f0..c1cf7a5b9 100644
--- a/nano/node/transport/inproc.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/transport/inproc.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ void nano::transport::inproc::channel::send_buffer (nano::shared_const_buffer co
 		callback_a (boost::system::errc::make_error_code (boost::system::errc::success), size_a);
 	};
 
-	auto const message_deserializer = std::make_shared<nano::transport::message_deserializer> (node.network_params.network, node.network.publish_filter, node.block_uniquer, node.vote_uniquer, buffer_read_fn);
+	auto const message_deserializer = std::make_shared<nano::transport::message_deserializer> (node.network_params.network, node.network.filter, node.block_uniquer, node.vote_uniquer, buffer_read_fn);
 	message_deserializer->read (
 	[this] (boost::system::error_code ec_a, std::unique_ptr<nano::message> message_a) {
 		if (ec_a || !message_a)
diff --git a/nano/node/transport/message_deserializer.cpp b/nano/node/transport/message_deserializer.cpp
index 52d725b54..a7976279d 100644
--- a/nano/node/transport/message_deserializer.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/transport/message_deserializer.cpp
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 #include <nano/node/node.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/transport/message_deserializer.hpp>
 
-nano::transport::message_deserializer::message_deserializer (nano::network_constants const & network_constants_a, nano::network_filter & publish_filter_a, nano::block_uniquer & block_uniquer_a, nano::vote_uniquer & vote_uniquer_a,
+nano::transport::message_deserializer::message_deserializer (nano::network_constants const & network_constants_a, nano::network_filter & network_filter_a, nano::block_uniquer & block_uniquer_a, nano::vote_uniquer & vote_uniquer_a,
 read_query read_op) :
 	read_buffer{ std::make_shared<std::vector<uint8_t>> () },
 	network_constants_m{ network_constants_a },
-	publish_filter_m{ publish_filter_a },
+	network_filter_m{ network_filter_a },
 	block_uniquer_m{ block_uniquer_a },
 	vote_uniquer_m{ vote_uniquer_a },
 	read_op{ std::move (read_op) }
@@ -128,9 +128,9 @@ std::unique_ptr<nano::message> nano::transport::message_deserializer::deserializ
 		}
 		case nano::message_type::publish:
 		{
-			// Early filtering to not waste time deserializing duplicate blocks
+			// Early filtering to not waste time deserializing duplicates
 			nano::uint128_t digest;
-			if (!publish_filter_m.apply (read_buffer->data (), payload_size, &digest))
+			if (!network_filter_m.apply (read_buffer->data (), payload_size, &digest))
 			{
 				return deserialize_publish (stream, header, digest);
 			}
@@ -146,7 +146,17 @@ std::unique_ptr<nano::message> nano::transport::message_deserializer::deserializ
 		}
 		case nano::message_type::confirm_ack:
 		{
-			return deserialize_confirm_ack (stream, header);
+			// Early filtering to not waste time deserializing duplicates
+			nano::uint128_t digest;
+			if (!network_filter_m.apply (read_buffer->data (), payload_size, &digest))
+			{
+				return deserialize_confirm_ack (stream, header, digest);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				status = parse_status::duplicate_confirm_ack_message;
+			}
+			break;
 		}
 		case nano::message_type::node_id_handshake:
 		{
@@ -208,7 +218,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<nano::keepalive> nano::transport::message_deserializer::deserial
 	return {};
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<nano::publish> nano::transport::message_deserializer::deserialize_publish (nano::stream & stream, nano::message_header const & header, nano::uint128_t const & digest_a)
+std::unique_ptr<nano::publish> nano::transport::message_deserializer::deserialize_publish (nano::stream & stream, nano::message_header const & header, nano::network_filter::digest_t const & digest_a)
 {
 	auto error = false;
 	auto incoming = std::make_unique<nano::publish> (error, stream, header, digest_a, &block_uniquer_m);
@@ -246,10 +256,10 @@ std::unique_ptr<nano::confirm_req> nano::transport::message_deserializer::deseri
 	return {};
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<nano::confirm_ack> nano::transport::message_deserializer::deserialize_confirm_ack (nano::stream & stream, nano::message_header const & header)
+std::unique_ptr<nano::confirm_ack> nano::transport::message_deserializer::deserialize_confirm_ack (nano::stream & stream, nano::message_header const & header, nano::network_filter::digest_t const & digest_a)
 {
 	auto error = false;
-	auto incoming = std::make_unique<nano::confirm_ack> (error, stream, header, &vote_uniquer_m);
+	auto incoming = std::make_unique<nano::confirm_ack> (error, stream, header, digest_a, &vote_uniquer_m);
 	if (!error && nano::at_end (stream))
 	{
 		return incoming;
diff --git a/nano/node/transport/message_deserializer.hpp b/nano/node/transport/message_deserializer.hpp
index c5ac4346b..4c4d62c22 100644
--- a/nano/node/transport/message_deserializer.hpp
+++ b/nano/node/transport/message_deserializer.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <nano/lib/network_filter.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/common.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/messages.hpp>
 
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ namespace transport
 		invalid_network,
 		outdated_version,
 		duplicate_publish_message,
+		duplicate_confirm_ack_message,
 		message_size_too_big,
 	};
 
@@ -40,10 +42,11 @@ namespace transport
 	public:
 		using callback_type = std::function<void (boost::system::error_code, std::unique_ptr<nano::message>)>;
 
-		parse_status status;
+		parse_status status{ parse_status::none };
 
 		using read_query = std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint8_t>> const &, size_t, std::function<void (boost::system::error_code const &, std::size_t)>)>;
-		message_deserializer (network_constants const &, network_filter &, block_uniquer &, vote_uniquer &, read_query read_op);
+
+		message_deserializer (nano::network_constants const &, nano::network_filter &, nano::block_uniquer &, nano::vote_uniquer &, read_query read_op);
 
 		/*
 		 * Asynchronously read next message from the channel_read_fn.
@@ -64,9 +67,9 @@ namespace transport
 		 */
 		std::unique_ptr<nano::message> deserialize (nano::message_header header, std::size_t payload_size);
 		std::unique_ptr<nano::keepalive> deserialize_keepalive (nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &);
-		std::unique_ptr<nano::publish> deserialize_publish (nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &, nano::uint128_t const & = 0);
+		std::unique_ptr<nano::publish> deserialize_publish (nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &, nano::network_filter::digest_t const & digest);
 		std::unique_ptr<nano::confirm_req> deserialize_confirm_req (nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &);
-		std::unique_ptr<nano::confirm_ack> deserialize_confirm_ack (nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &);
+		std::unique_ptr<nano::confirm_ack> deserialize_confirm_ack (nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &, nano::network_filter::digest_t const & digest);
 		std::unique_ptr<nano::node_id_handshake> deserialize_node_id_handshake (nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &);
 		std::unique_ptr<nano::telemetry_req> deserialize_telemetry_req (nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &);
 		std::unique_ptr<nano::telemetry_ack> deserialize_telemetry_ack (nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &);
@@ -77,6 +80,7 @@ namespace transport
 		std::unique_ptr<nano::asc_pull_req> deserialize_asc_pull_req (nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &);
 		std::unique_ptr<nano::asc_pull_ack> deserialize_asc_pull_ack (nano::stream &, nano::message_header const &);
 
+	private:
 		std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint8_t>> read_buffer;
 
 	private: // Constants
@@ -85,7 +89,7 @@ namespace transport
 
 	private: // Dependencies
 		nano::network_constants const & network_constants_m;
-		nano::network_filter & publish_filter_m;
+		nano::network_filter & network_filter_m;
 		nano::block_uniquer & block_uniquer_m;
 		nano::vote_uniquer & vote_uniquer_m;
 		read_query read_op;
diff --git a/nano/node/transport/tcp_server.cpp b/nano/node/transport/tcp_server.cpp
index 9c03c7997..a4e59e674 100644
--- a/nano/node/transport/tcp_server.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/transport/tcp_server.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ nano::transport::tcp_server::tcp_server (std::shared_ptr<nano::transport::tcp_so
 	node{ node_a },
 	allow_bootstrap{ allow_bootstrap_a },
 	message_deserializer{
-		std::make_shared<nano::transport::message_deserializer> (node_a->network_params.network, node_a->network.publish_filter, node_a->block_uniquer, node_a->vote_uniquer,
+		std::make_shared<nano::transport::message_deserializer> (node_a->network_params.network, node_a->network.filter, node_a->block_uniquer, node_a->vote_uniquer,
 		[socket_l = socket] (std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint8_t>> const & data_a, size_t size_a, std::function<void (boost::system::error_code const &, std::size_t)> callback_a) {
 			debug_assert (socket_l != nullptr);
 			socket_l->read_impl (data_a, size_a, callback_a);
@@ -119,16 +119,26 @@ void nano::transport::tcp_server::received_message (std::unique_ptr<nano::messag
 
 		node->stats.inc (nano::stat::type::error, to_stat_detail (message_deserializer->status));
 
-		// Avoid too much noise about `duplicate_publish_message` errors
-		if (message_deserializer->status == transport::parse_status::duplicate_publish_message)
+		switch (message_deserializer->status)
 		{
-			node->stats.inc (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_publish_message);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			node->logger.debug (nano::log::type::tcp_server, "Error deserializing message: {} ({})",
-			to_string (message_deserializer->status),
-			fmt::streamed (remote_endpoint));
+			// Avoid too much noise about `duplicate_publish_message` errors
+			case nano::transport::parse_status::duplicate_publish_message:
+			{
+				node->stats.inc (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_publish_message);
+			}
+			break;
+			case nano::transport::parse_status::duplicate_confirm_ack_message:
+			{
+				node->stats.inc (nano::stat::type::filter, nano::stat::detail::duplicate_confirm_ack_message);
+			}
+			break;
+			default:
+			{
+				node->logger.debug (nano::log::type::tcp_server, "Error deserializing message: {} ({})",
+				to_string (message_deserializer->status),
+				fmt::streamed (remote_endpoint));
+			}
+			break;
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/nano/node/vote_processor.cpp b/nano/node/vote_processor.cpp
index 7b480e07b..4d619db96 100644
--- a/nano/node/vote_processor.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/vote_processor.cpp
@@ -71,6 +71,11 @@ void nano::vote_processor::start ()
 {
 	debug_assert (threads.empty ());
 
+	if (!config.enable)
+	{
+		return;
+	}
+
 	for (int n = 0; n < config.threads; ++n)
 	{
 		threads.emplace_back ([this] () {
diff --git a/nano/node/vote_processor.hpp b/nano/node/vote_processor.hpp
index 2a22f65ee..785762213 100644
--- a/nano/node/vote_processor.hpp
+++ b/nano/node/vote_processor.hpp
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ public:
 	nano::error deserialize (nano::tomlconfig & toml);
 
 public:
+	bool enable{ true };
+
 	size_t max_pr_queue{ 256 };
 	size_t max_non_pr_queue{ 32 };
 	size_t pr_priority{ 3 };
diff --git a/nano/node/vote_router.cpp b/nano/node/vote_router.cpp
index 426dc69a4..f7b191f1c 100644
--- a/nano/node/vote_router.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/vote_router.cpp
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ nano::stat::detail nano::to_stat_detail (nano::vote_source source)
 	return nano::enum_util::cast<nano::stat::detail> (source);
 }
 
-nano::vote_router::vote_router (nano::vote_cache & cache, nano::recently_confirmed_cache & recently_confirmed) :
-	cache{ cache },
-	recently_confirmed{ recently_confirmed }
+nano::vote_router::vote_router (nano::vote_cache & vote_cache_a, nano::recently_confirmed_cache & recently_confirmed_a) :
+	vote_cache{ vote_cache_a },
+	recently_confirmed{ recently_confirmed_a }
 {
 }
 
@@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ std::unordered_map<nano::block_hash, nano::vote_code> nano::vote_router::vote (s
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			auto find_election = [this] (auto const & hash) {
+			auto find_election = [this] (auto const & hash) -> std::shared_ptr<nano::election> {
 				if (auto existing = elections.find (hash); existing != elections.end ())
 				{
 					return existing->second.lock ();
 				}
-				return std::shared_ptr<nano::election>{};
+				return {};
 			};
 
 			if (auto election = find_election (hash))
@@ -118,6 +118,12 @@ std::unordered_map<nano::block_hash, nano::vote_code> nano::vote_router::vote (s
 		return results.find (hash) != results.end ();
 	}));
 
+	// Cache the votes that didn't match any election
+	if (source != nano::vote_source::cache)
+	{
+		vote_cache.insert (vote, results);
+	}
+
 	vote_processed.notify (vote, source, results);
 
 	return results;
diff --git a/nano/node/vote_router.hpp b/nano/node/vote_router.hpp
index 0468bf3d3..f2afb2bf5 100644
--- a/nano/node/vote_router.hpp
+++ b/nano/node/vote_router.hpp
@@ -70,14 +70,18 @@ public:
 
 	std::unique_ptr<container_info_component> collect_container_info (std::string const & name) const;
 
+private: // Dependencies
+	nano::vote_cache & vote_cache;
+	nano::recently_confirmed_cache & recently_confirmed;
+
 private:
 	void run ();
 
-	nano::vote_cache & cache;
-	nano::recently_confirmed_cache & recently_confirmed;
+private:
 	// Mapping of block hashes to elections.
 	// Election already contains the associated block
 	std::unordered_map<nano::block_hash, std::weak_ptr<nano::election>> elections;
+
 	bool stopped{ false };
 	std::condition_variable_any condition;
 	mutable std::shared_mutex mutex;
diff --git a/nano/secure/CMakeLists.txt b/nano/secure/CMakeLists.txt
index 7b97291e9..f11d6e85d 100644
--- a/nano/secure/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/nano/secure/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -56,8 +56,6 @@ add_library(
   ledger_set_any.cpp
   ledger_set_confirmed.hpp
   ledger_set_confirmed.cpp
-  network_filter.hpp
-  network_filter.cpp
   pending_info.hpp
   pending_info.cpp
   receivable_iterator.cpp
diff --git a/nano/secure/network_filter.cpp b/nano/secure/network_filter.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index c60a11174..000000000
--- a/nano/secure/network_filter.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-#include <nano/crypto_lib/random_pool.hpp>
-#include <nano/lib/blocks.hpp>
-#include <nano/lib/locks.hpp>
-#include <nano/lib/stream.hpp>
-#include <nano/secure/common.hpp>
-#include <nano/secure/network_filter.hpp>
-
-nano::network_filter::network_filter (size_t size_a) :
-	items (size_a, nano::uint128_t{ 0 })
-{
-	nano::random_pool::generate_block (key, key.size ());
-}
-
-bool nano::network_filter::apply (uint8_t const * bytes_a, size_t count_a, nano::uint128_t * digest_a)
-{
-	// Get hash before locking
-	auto digest (hash (bytes_a, count_a));
-
-	nano::lock_guard<nano::mutex> lock{ mutex };
-	auto & element (get_element (digest));
-	bool existed (element == digest);
-	if (!existed)
-	{
-		// Replace likely old element with a new one
-		element = digest;
-	}
-	if (digest_a)
-	{
-		*digest_a = digest;
-	}
-	return existed;
-}
-
-void nano::network_filter::clear (nano::uint128_t const & digest_a)
-{
-	nano::lock_guard<nano::mutex> lock{ mutex };
-	auto & element (get_element (digest_a));
-	if (element == digest_a)
-	{
-		element = nano::uint128_t{ 0 };
-	}
-}
-
-void nano::network_filter::clear (std::vector<nano::uint128_t> const & digests_a)
-{
-	nano::lock_guard<nano::mutex> lock{ mutex };
-	for (auto const & digest : digests_a)
-	{
-		auto & element (get_element (digest));
-		if (element == digest)
-		{
-			element = nano::uint128_t{ 0 };
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-void nano::network_filter::clear (uint8_t const * bytes_a, size_t count_a)
-{
-	clear (hash (bytes_a, count_a));
-}
-
-template <typename OBJECT>
-void nano::network_filter::clear (OBJECT const & object_a)
-{
-	clear (hash (object_a));
-}
-
-void nano::network_filter::clear ()
-{
-	nano::lock_guard<nano::mutex> lock{ mutex };
-	items.assign (items.size (), nano::uint128_t{ 0 });
-}
-
-template <typename OBJECT>
-nano::uint128_t nano::network_filter::hash (OBJECT const & object_a) const
-{
-	std::vector<uint8_t> bytes;
-	{
-		nano::vectorstream stream (bytes);
-		object_a->serialize (stream);
-	}
-	return hash (bytes.data (), bytes.size ());
-}
-
-nano::uint128_t & nano::network_filter::get_element (nano::uint128_t const & hash_a)
-{
-	debug_assert (!mutex.try_lock ());
-	debug_assert (items.size () > 0);
-	size_t index (hash_a % items.size ());
-	return items[index];
-}
-
-nano::uint128_t nano::network_filter::hash (uint8_t const * bytes_a, size_t count_a) const
-{
-	nano::uint128_union digest{ 0 };
-	siphash_t siphash (key, static_cast<unsigned int> (key.size ()));
-	siphash.CalculateDigest (digest.bytes.data (), bytes_a, count_a);
-	return digest.number ();
-}
-
-// Explicitly instantiate
-template nano::uint128_t nano::network_filter::hash (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const &) const;
-template void nano::network_filter::clear (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const &);